Modafinil

The most evidence-backed pharmaceutical nootropic. Robust data for wakefulness; moderate evidence for cognitive benefits in sleep-deprived individuals.

A rough internal score reflecting quantity, quality, and consistency of human evidence. Not a clinical recommendation.

Systematic reviews confirm wakefulness-promoting effects and modest improvements in executive function, working memory, and attention — primarily in sleep-deprived populations. Benefits in well-rested healthy adults are less consistent. Mechanism not fully elucidated but involves dopamine transporter inhibition.

• Strong evidence for sustained wakefulness and alertness
• Improves executive function in sleep-deprived populations
• Lower abuse potential compared to traditional stimulants

100–200 mg once daily in the morning. Lower doses (50–100 mg) may suffice for some individuals.

• Headache
• Nausea
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Decreased appetite

Prescription-only. Rare but serious risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Reduces efficacy of hormonal contraceptives. Potential for psychological dependence.

Cognitive benefits in well-rested individuals are modest and inconsistent across studies. Not a general intelligence enhancer.

• Focus82
• Energy80
• Memory45
• Mood40