Library
Compound database
494 compounds across 11 categories. Click a category below to filter.
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Library
494 compounds across 11 categories. Click a category below to filter.
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494 compounds
A fragment of amyloid precursor protein central to Alzheimer's disease research, studied as both a biomarker and an immunotherapy target.
A soluble activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB-Fc) that acts as a myostatin/activin trap, investigated for muscle-wasting conditions.
A synthetic peptidomimetic studied for retinoid-like skin-remodeling activity without the irritation profile of retinoids.
An adipocyte-secreted hormone involved in glucose regulation, fatty acid oxidation, and insulin sensitization.
A peptidomimetic that targets the vascular supply of adipose tissue by binding prohibitin on fat blood vessels, inducing fat-cell apoptosis.
A copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys) used in cosmetic formulations for its purported wound-healing and collagen-stimulating properties.
The copper complex of the AHK tripeptide, studied for skin-regenerative and hair-growth properties similar to GHK-Cu.
A naturally occurring dipeptide (beta-alanyl-1-methylhistidine) found in skeletal muscle of birds and fish, with antioxidant and anti-glycation properties.
A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 177-191) studied for fat-metabolism effects without the growth-promoting actions of full hGH.
An 11-amino-acid peptide derived from erythropoietin that activates the innate repair receptor without erythropoietic activity, studied for neuropathy and tissue repair.
Acetyl hexapeptide-3, a cosmetic peptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation to reduce neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, marketed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin.
A single-chain relaxin peptide analog that selectively activates RXFP1 receptors, studied for anti-fibrotic and cardiovascular effects.
A synthetic pentadecapeptide originally identified in a fragment of a gastric protein and studied preclinically for tissue-repair effects.
A Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) purported to support bronchial and lung tissue function.
A Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) designed to support cardiac tissue function and repair.
A Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) studied for cartilage and musculoskeletal tissue support and potential geroprotective effects.
A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing neurotrophic-factor-like peptides, approved in several countries for stroke and dementia.
A mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain, similar to Cerebrolysin, used in some countries for neurological conditions.
A Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide purported to normalize lung and bronchial mucosa function at the gene-expression level.
A synthetic 30-amino-acid growth-hormone-releasing-hormone (GHRH) analog with extended half-life, used to stimulate endogenous GH secretion.
CJC-1295 conjugated with a Drug Affinity Complex that binds albumin, extending plasma half-life to ~8 days and producing sustained GH elevation.
Hydrolyzed collagen fragments (typically types I and III) widely consumed as a dietary supplement for skin, joint, and bone health.
Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II), derived from chicken sternum cartilage, studied for immune-mediated joint-health benefits via oral tolerance.
A Khavinson bioregulator tetrapeptide targeted at brain cortex tissue normalization.
A polypeptide preparation extracted from calf brain cortex, approved in Russia for neurological conditions including stroke, TBI, and cognitive impairment.
A synthetic 10-amino-acid peptide used in cosmetic formulations to inhibit melanin synthesis for skin-lightening effects.
A synthetic analog of oxytocin (deamino-oxytocin) that can be administered buccally, used to induce labor and support lactation in some countries.
A naturally occurring nonapeptide originally isolated from rabbit brain, studied for effects on sleep architecture, stress, and pain modulation.
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the pineal gland extract epithalamin, studied by the Khavinson group for telomerase activation and anti-aging effects.
A single-chain glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes activin and myostatin, studied for muscle growth and potential therapeutic applications in muscular dystrophy.
A D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts the FOXO4-p53 interaction in senescent cells, triggering selective apoptosis of those cells (senolytic activity).
Growth Differentiation Factor 11, a TGF-beta family member studied for rejuvenation effects after parabiosis experiments suggested declining levels contribute to aging.
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys-Cu) that declines with age, studied for wound healing, skin remodeling, hair growth, and anti-inflammatory effects.
A 28-amino-acid endogenous peptide hormone produced primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite, GH release, and gastric motility.
A synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release via the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a).
A synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue acting on the ghrelin receptor, known for potent GH release and strong appetite stimulation.
Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) used diagnostically to assess pituitary gonadotroph function and therapeutically to maintain LH/FSH pulsatility.
Human chorionic gonadotropin, a glycoprotein hormone that mimics LH, FDA-approved for fertility treatment and widely used off-label to support testosterone therapy.
A synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue that acts on the ghrelin receptor, notable for potent GH release and documented cardiac effects.
A synthetic fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) studied for lipolytic effects without the growth-promoting or diabetogenic actions of full hGH.
A naturally occurring peptide hormone with vasodilatory, anti-fibrotic, and connective-tissue-remodeling properties. Recombinant form (serelaxin) was tested for acute heart failure.
A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) with cytoprotective effects against Alzheimer's-related toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, the primary mediator of growth hormone effects. Recombinant form (mecasermin) is FDA-approved for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency.
A truncated form of IGF-1 lacking the first 3 amino acids (des(1-3) IGF-1), resulting in reduced binding to IGF-binding proteins and increased bioactivity.
A modified form of IGF-1 with an arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino-acid extension, giving it a much longer half-life and reduced binding-protein affinity.
A selective growth-hormone secretagogue pentapeptide that stimulates GH release with minimal effect on cortisol, prolactin, and appetite compared to other GHRPs.
A myokine cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), released during exercise and proposed to mediate browning of white adipose tissue.
An endogenous neuropeptide that potently stimulates GnRH release, playing a critical role in puberty onset and reproductive function.
A C-terminal tripeptide fragment (Lys-Pro-Val) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) with anti-inflammatory properties.
The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and immunomodulatory properties.
A 43-amino-acid soy-derived peptide with epigenetic and anti-inflammatory properties, studied for cholesterol reduction and cancer chemoprevention.
A linear alpha-MSH analog (afamelanotide) that stimulates melanogenesis. EMA-approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP).
A cyclic alpha-MSH analog that activates multiple melanocortin receptors, producing skin tanning, appetite suppression, and sexual arousal effects.
Mechano Growth Factor, a splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec) released by mechanically stimulated muscle, proposed to activate satellite cells for muscle repair.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), a small endogenous peptide with anti-opiate and antidepressant properties in early studies.
A modified fragment of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (amino acids 1-29) with amino acid substitutions at positions 2, 8, 15, and 27 for improved stability. Often called CJC-1295 without DAC or Mod GRF.
A mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in the 12S rRNA gene, proposed as an exercise mimetic with effects on AMPK activation and metabolic regulation.
An N-acetylated form of epitalon designed for improved stability and potentially enhanced bioavailability compared to standard epitalon.
An N-acetylated form of selank designed for improved intranasal bioavailability and resistance to enzymatic degradation.
An N-acetylated form of semax designed for enhanced stability and bioavailability, with claimed nootropic and neuroprotective properties.
A neurotrophic factor (NT-3) that supports survival and differentiation of neurons, particularly proprioceptive sensory neurons and motor neurons.
A nine-amino-acid neuropeptide hormone involved in social bonding, uterine contraction, and milk ejection. FDA-approved for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage.
A synthetic peptide derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting leukemia inhibitory factor signaling, studied for cognitive enhancement.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, a pleiotropic neuropeptide with roles in neuroprotection, vasodilation, immune modulation, and migraine pathophysiology.
A lipophilic derivative of the GHK peptide (palmitoyl tripeptide-1) designed for improved skin penetration, widely used in anti-aging cosmetic formulations.
PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor, a modified IGF-1 splice variant with polyethylene glycol conjugation to extend its otherwise ultra-short half-life.
A Khavinson bioregulator tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) targeted at pineal gland function and central nervous system regulation.
A peptide extract from bovine prostate tissue, approved in Russia for chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Bremelanotide, a cyclic melanocortin peptide that activates MC4R in the CNS to produce pro-sexual effects. FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.
A tetrapeptide (GLYX-13) that acts as an NMDA receptor modulator with glycine-site partial agonist activity, developed as a rapid-acting antidepressant.
A polypeptide extract from bovine retinal tissue, approved in Russia for diabetic retinopathy and other retinal degenerative conditions.
A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed in Russia and approved there as an anxiolytic and nootropic nasal spray.
A synthetic heptapeptide analog of ACTH (4-10) with an added Pro-Gly-Pro sequence, approved in Russia as a nootropic and neuroprotective nasal spray.
A synthetic 29-amino-acid fragment of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29). Previously FDA-approved for pediatric growth hormone deficiency, now used off-label in anti-aging medicine.
A deproteinized hemodialysate of calf blood containing a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides, amino acids, and metabolites. Used in some countries for wound healing and tissue repair.
An endogenous cyclic peptide hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and numerous GI hormones. Synthetic analogs (octreotide, lanreotide) are widely used clinically.
Elamipretide, a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane to stabilize cardiolipin and improve oxidative phosphorylation.
Synthetic peptide fragments derived from or targeting the tau protein, studied in the context of tauopathy immunotherapy and Alzheimer's disease vaccine development.
A synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide involved in cell migration, angiogenesis, and wound healing.
A synthetic GHRH analog (trans-3-hexenoic acid modified GRF 1-44) FDA-approved as Egrifta for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
A peptide extract from calf thymus gland, used in Russia as an immunomodulatory agent. Studied by the Khavinson group for immune restoration and anti-aging effects.
A preparation of polypeptides and thymic hormones (thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin) derived from calf thymus gland, used historically for immune support.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, a tripeptide (pyroGlu-His-Pro-NH2) from the hypothalamus that stimulates TSH and prolactin release. Used diagnostically.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a nine-amino-acid peptide that regulates water reabsorption, blood pressure, and social behavior. FDA-approved for multiple indications.
A Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide (Lys-Glu) claimed to normalize urinary and immune system function.
A Khavinson bioregulator dipeptide (Lys-Glu) studied for thymus-like immunomodulatory and potential geroprotective effects.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Studied for CIRS, pulmonary hypertension, and inflammatory conditions.
A colloquial name for the combination of BPC-157 and TB-500, popular in biohacking communities for accelerated tissue repair and recovery.
A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied in preclinical models for its effects on fat-cell metabolism and energy expenditure.
The immediate biosynthetic precursor to serotonin, extracted from Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, used to support mood and sleep.
An acetylated form of L-carnitine that crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily, studied for cognitive support and mitochondrial function.
A lipid-soluble thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative originally isolated from garlic, offering improved bioavailability over water-soluble thiamine.
An endogenous dithiol compound that functions as a cofactor in mitochondrial energy metabolism and as a potent recycler of other antioxidants.
A phospholipid-derived choline source that efficiently raises brain acetylcholine levels, studied for cognitive support and power output.
A Krebs-cycle intermediate involved in energy metabolism, amino acid synthesis, and epigenetic regulation, investigated for longevity effects.
The most biologically active form of vitamin E in humans, functioning as a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from peroxidation.
A digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars, commonly included in broad-spectrum digestive enzyme supplements.
An endogenous endocannabinoid (arachidonoylethanolamide) involved in mood, pain modulation, and appetite; oral bioavailability as a supplement is extremely low.
A flavone found in chamomile, celery, and parsley that acts as a mild anxiolytic and CD38 inhibitor, gaining attention for NAD+ preservation and sleep.
A red keto-carotenoid produced by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, valued for its potent antioxidant activity and lack of pro-oxidant behaviour.
Bioactive polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus root, traditionally used in Chinese medicine for immune modulation and studied for telomerase activation.
A flavone aglycone from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity in preclinical models.
The glucuronide conjugate of baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis, converted to baicalein in the gut. Studied for anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties.
Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) marketed for muscle recovery, though whole-protein sources may be equally or more effective.
Concentrated source of dietary nitrates that are converted to nitric oxide, reliably shown to improve exercise economy and modestly lower blood pressure.
A synthetic lipid-soluble thiamine derivative with substantially higher bioavailability than water-soluble B1, studied primarily in diabetic complications.
An isoquinoline alkaloid from plants like goldenseal and barberry that activates AMPK, with glucose- and lipid-lowering effects comparable to some pharmaceuticals.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid that increases intramuscular carnosine, buffering hydrogen ions during high-intensity exercise lasting 1–4 minutes.
A provitamin A carotenoid that the body converts to retinol as needed. Supplementation has a troubled history due to increased lung cancer risk in smokers.
Polysaccharides from yeast, oats, and mushrooms that modulate innate immune function via dectin-1 receptor activation on macrophages and dendritic cells.
A plant sterol that competes with cholesterol for intestinal absorption and is also used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptom relief.
Supplemental hydrochloric acid used to increase stomach acidity in individuals with suspected hypochlorhydria, aiding protein digestion.
A sesquiterpene trilactone unique to Ginkgo biloba, contributing to its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS.
Vitamin B7, a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid catabolism. Widely marketed for hair, skin, and nails.
Dehydrated bone broth concentrate providing collagen peptides, gelatin, and minerals. Marketed for joint and gut support.
A trace mineral involved in bone metabolism, steroid hormone modulation, and inflammatory marker reduction. Dietary intake is often suboptimal.
A mixture of proteolytic enzymes from pineapple stems with anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and digestive properties. Used post-surgically in some European countries.
A short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria fermenting dietary fibre. Supplemented exogenously as sodium or calcium butyrate for gut barrier and anti-inflammatory support.
Buckminsterfullerene (C60) dissolved in olive oil, popularised by a single rat longevity study that has faced significant methodological criticism.
The world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, a methylxanthine that blocks adenosine receptors to promote wakefulness, focus, and physical performance.
The calcium salt of AKG used in the Rejuvant longevity trial, providing both AKG for Krebs-cycle support and a modest calcium contribution.
A well-absorbed calcium salt that does not require stomach acid for absorption, making it suitable for older adults and those on acid-reducing medications.
A phenolic diterpene from rosemary and sage with Nrf2-activating antioxidant and potential neuroprotective properties.
A dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine concentrated in muscle and brain tissue, acting as an intracellular buffer, anti-glycation agent, and antioxidant.
A monoterpenoid phenol from oregano oil with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and potential GI-protective properties in preclinical studies.
A slow-digesting milk protein that forms a gel in the stomach, providing sustained amino acid release. Often used before sleep for overnight muscle protein synthesis.
A polysaccharide derived from crustacean shells that binds dietary fat in the GI tract, reducing fat absorption. Marketed as a weight-loss aid.
A single-celled green alga rich in chlorophyll, protein, and micronutrients. Studied for heavy-metal binding, immune modulation, and nutrient density.
A polyphenol abundant in green coffee beans and many fruits, studied for glucose metabolism modulation and antioxidant activity.
The green pigment in plants, supplemented as chlorophyllin (a semi-synthetic water-soluble derivative). Studied for internal deodorising and limited anticancer properties.
An affordable choline salt used to meet dietary choline requirements, though it raises brain acetylcholine less efficiently than Alpha-GPC or CDP-choline.
A glycosaminoglycan component of cartilage, often combined with glucosamine for osteoarthritis. Trial results are inconsistent.
A bioavailable form of the trace mineral chromium, investigated for insulin sensitivity, blood glucose, and carbohydrate-craving reduction.
Conjugated linoleic acid, a group of fatty acid isomers found in dairy and meat, studied for body composition effects. Results are modest and inconsistent.
Epicatechin-rich polyphenols from cacao that improve endothelial function, blood flow, and cardiovascular biomarkers in well-designed trials.
First milk produced after birth, rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and growth factors. Bovine colostrum is supplemented for gut and immune support.
An essential trace mineral required for iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and mitochondrial electron transport. Deficiency and excess are both harmful.
Ubiquinone/ubiquinol, a lipid-soluble coenzyme essential for mitochondrial electron transport and a potent endogenous antioxidant. Levels decline with age and statin use.
3'-deoxyadenosine, the principal bioactive nucleoside from Cordyceps militaris, with anti-inflammatory and potential anti-tumour activity in preclinical models.
The most extensively studied sports supplement in history. Increases phosphocreatine stores for rapid ATP regeneration, with emerging cognitive and neuroprotective benefits.
An anthocyanin pigment found in berries and red/purple produce, studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitising properties.
An amino acid isomer involved in hypothalamic GnRH release, marketed as a testosterone booster. Human evidence is mixed and effect sizes are small.
An inositol isomer involved in insulin signalling, studied primarily in PCOS for improving insulin sensitivity and ovulatory function.
A five-carbon sugar that serves as a backbone for ATP, studied in cardiac ischaemia and chronic fatigue conditions for energy repletion.
A soy isoflavone phytoestrogen metabolised to equol by certain gut bacteria. Studied for menopausal symptoms, bone density, and cardiovascular markers.
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice, processed to remove glycyrrhizin to avoid aldosterone-related side effects while retaining mucosal-protective properties.
Docosahexaenoic acid, a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid critical for brain structure, retinal function, and anti-inflammatory signalling. The dominant omega-3 in neural tissue.
Diindolylmethane, a metabolite of indole-3-carbinol from cruciferous vegetables, studied for oestrogen metabolism modulation and hormonal balance.
An intermediary metabolite in the choline-to-glycine pathway. Marketed for immune support and exercise performance, but human evidence is weak.
A citrus flavonoid glycoside used pharmaceutically in Europe (Daflon) for chronic venous insufficiency and haemorrhoids, with well-documented venotonic effects.
Dimethylaminoethanol, a choline precursor and potential acetylcholine modulator, historically investigated for cognitive function and skin firmness.
A phytoecdysteroid from spinach and other plants, structurally related to insect moulting hormones. A 2019 study generated muscle-building claims.
Eicosapentaenoic acid, a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid with potent anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits. The primary therapeutic omega-3 for triglyceride reduction.
A flavanol from dark chocolate and green tea that increases nitric oxide production and inhibits myostatin in preclinical models, studied for muscle and vascular health.
A diet-derived thiohistidine amino acid with a dedicated transporter (OCTN1) that accumulates in mitochondria-rich tissues. Emerging longevity compound.
An indoloquinazoline alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa with thermogenic, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-obesity activity in preclinical models.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide, the active coenzyme form of riboflavin (vitamin B2), involved in electron transport and numerous oxidoreductase reactions.
A hydroxycinnamic acid abundant in grains and rice bran, with antioxidant and UV-protective properties. Widely used in topical skincare (CE Ferulic).
A flavonol found in strawberries and apples, identified as one of the most potent senolytic compounds in preclinical screens, clearing senescent cells to promote tissue health.
Flavin mononucleotide, an active coenzyme form of riboflavin involved in oxidoreductase reactions and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I.
A reduced folate form (5-formyltetrahydrofolate) that bypasses the DHFR reduction step, used clinically in methotrexate rescue and increasingly for MTHFR polymorphisms.
A sulphated polysaccharide from brown seaweed (Undaria, Fucus) with immune-modulating, anticoagulant, and potential anticancer properties in preclinical studies.
A brown-seaweed carotenoid that activates UCP1 in white adipose tissue, studied for thermogenesis and body-fat reduction in a small number of human trials.
A complex mixture of humic substances derived from decomposed organic matter (shilajit), containing various minerals and organic acids with claimed adaptogenic properties.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Oral supplements may have limited blood-brain barrier penetration, though some users report calming effects.
A form of vitamin E found abundantly in nuts and seeds. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties distinct from alpha-tocopherol.
A protein derived from collagen-rich animal tissues. Provides glycine and proline, amino acids important for connective tissue, skin, and joint health.
An isoflavone phytoestrogen found primarily in soy. It has weak estrogenic activity and has been studied for bone health, menopausal symptoms, and cancer prevention.
A specific saponin isolated from Panax ginseng with neuroprotective and anti-fatigue properties studied primarily in preclinical models.
A class of triterpene saponins found in Panax ginseng responsible for most of its adaptogenic, cognitive, and anti-fatigue effects.
An omega-6 fatty acid found in borage, evening primrose, and black currant seed oils. Unlike most omega-6 fats, GLA is converted to anti-inflammatory DGLA.
An amino sugar naturally present in cartilage. Widely used for osteoarthritis, though large trials have shown mixed results compared to placebo.
The most abundant amino acid in the body, important for gut barrier integrity, immune cell fuel, and muscle recovery. Conditionally essential during illness or intense exercise.
The body's master antioxidant, a tripeptide critical for detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection. Oral bioavailability has historically been poor, though liposomal and reduced forms may improve absorption.
A sugar alcohol used as a hyperhydration agent in sports. Glycerol draws water into tissues, expanding plasma volume and potentially improving endurance performance in heat.
A metabolite of leucine that reduces muscle protein breakdown. Most beneficial for untrained individuals, older adults, or during caloric restriction.
An organic acid intermediate in leucine metabolism, upstream of HMB. Sometimes marketed for muscle-building, but with far less evidence than HMB itself.
A lignan from Magnolia bark with anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties demonstrated primarily in preclinical research.
A complex organic compound derived from decomposed plant matter in soil. Marketed for detoxification and gut health, but human clinical evidence is very sparse.
A glycosaminoglycan that is a major component of skin, joints, and connective tissue. Oral supplementation has shown modest benefits for skin hydration and joint comfort.
A potent polyphenol antioxidant found in olive oil and olive leaf. It has one of the highest ORAC values of any natural compound and is linked to cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits.
The primary active compound in St. John's Wort responsible for its antidepressant effects. It inhibits reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate.
A naphthodianthrone compound from St. John's Wort. Once thought to be the main antidepressant constituent, it is now known to contribute primarily to photosensitivity and may have antiviral properties.
A compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism. Converted in the stomach to DIM and other metabolites that shift estrogen toward less potent forms.
A synthetic analogue of CoQ10 with superior ability to function under low-oxygen conditions. Used as a prescription drug for mitochondrial disorders in some countries.
Antibody proteins derived from bovine colostrum or serum. Oral immunoglobulins may support gut barrier function and immune defense in the GI tract.
An essential trace mineral required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Deficiency causes goiter and hypothyroidism, but excess iodine can also disrupt thyroid function.
An essential mineral required for oxygen transport, energy production, and numerous enzymatic reactions. Deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide.
A chelated form of iron bound to two glycine molecules, offering superior absorption and significantly fewer GI side effects compared to ferrous sulfate.
A flavonoid found in tea, broccoli, kale, and berries with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anticancer properties in preclinical research.
An amino acid derivative essential for transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. The body synthesizes sufficient amounts in healthy individuals, but levels decline with age.
A digestive enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. Taken by lactose-intolerant individuals to prevent symptoms from dairy consumption.
An iron-binding glycoprotein found in milk, colostrum, and mucosal secretions with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties.
A beta-glucan polysaccharide from brown seaweed (kelp). Studied for immune modulation, prebiotic effects, and potential anti-tumor properties in preclinical research.
A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that is the primary dietary activator of mTOR and muscle protein synthesis. The most anabolic of the three BCAAs.
A monoterpene found abundantly in citrus peel oils. Studied for GI benefits, including gastroesophageal reflux, and for potential chemopreventive properties.
A monoterpene alcohol found in lavender, basil, and many aromatic plants. Primarily studied via inhalation (aromatherapy) for anxiolytic and sedative effects.
A digestive enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Used in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and general digestive support.
Vitamin C encapsulated in phospholipid liposomes to improve oral bioavailability. May achieve higher plasma levels than standard oral vitamin C without the GI side effects of megadoses.
A low-dose lithium salt marketed as a mood and neuroprotective supplement. Provides far lower lithium doses than pharmaceutical lithium carbonate used for bipolar disorder.
A fibrinolytic enzyme complex derived from earthworms. Used in traditional Chinese medicine and studied for its ability to break down fibrin and support cardiovascular health.
A carotenoid that accumulates in the macula of the eye, providing protection against blue light and oxidative damage. One of the best-studied nutrients for age-related macular degeneration.
A flavone found in celery, parsley, and chamomile with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and mast cell-stabilizing properties demonstrated primarily in preclinical research.
A red carotenoid pigment abundant in tomatoes and watermelon. Epidemiological studies consistently associate higher lycopene intake with reduced prostate cancer risk and cardiovascular benefit.
An essential amino acid important for collagen synthesis, calcium absorption, and immune function. Best known for its use in managing herpes simplex virus outbreaks.
A well-absorbed form of magnesium bound to citric acid. Commonly used for general magnesium repletion and has a mild laxative effect that can benefit constipation.
Magnesium bound to the amino acid glycine, offering high bioavailability with minimal laxative effect. The glycine component may independently contribute to calming and sleep-promoting effects.
A form of magnesium developed at MIT specifically to increase brain magnesium levels. Threonate is a metabolite of vitamin C that enhances magnesium transport across the blood-brain barrier.
Magnesium bound to orotic acid, which plays a role in pyrimidine synthesis and cellular energy. Studied primarily in cardiovascular contexts, particularly heart failure.
Magnesium combined with the amino acid taurine. Both components independently support cardiovascular and neurological health, making this form particularly favored for heart and blood pressure support.
An organic acid found in apples and involved in the Krebs cycle of cellular energy production. Often combined with magnesium (as magnesium malate) for fibromyalgia and energy support.
An alkaloid from Sophora flavescens root used in traditional Chinese medicine. Studied for anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and potential anti-tumor properties, primarily in preclinical settings.
A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythm. One of the most well-studied supplements for sleep onset, jet lag, and circadian rhythm disorders.
The most bioavailable and long-acting form of vitamin K2. Activates proteins that direct calcium into bones and away from arteries, supporting both skeletal and cardiovascular health.
A cyclic monoterpene alcohol from peppermint oil that activates TRPM8 cold receptors. Used topically for pain relief and orally (as peppermint oil capsules) for IBS symptoms.
A mitochondria-targeted form of CoQ10 conjugated to a triphenylphosphonium cation. It accumulates in mitochondria at concentrations hundreds of times higher than untargeted CoQ10.
An organic sulfur compound found naturally in some foods. Used for joint pain, inflammation, and exercise recovery, with sulfur being important for connective tissue integrity.
A flavonoid found in berries, walnuts, and red wine with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential neuroprotective properties. Studied primarily in preclinical models.
An acetylated form of glucosamine that is a building block of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans. Studied for joint health, gut barrier function, and inflammatory bowel disease.
A precursor to glutathione and a mucolytic agent. One of the most versatile supplements with applications ranging from liver protection to psychiatric conditions and respiratory health.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) are precursors to NAD+, a coenzyme critical for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation that declines with age.
The reduced form of NAD+ that directly participates in mitochondrial electron transport. Marketed for energy, cognitive function, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
A fibrinolytic enzyme extracted from natto (fermented soybeans). It degrades fibrin and may support cardiovascular health by reducing blood clot risk and improving circulation.
A polymethoxylated flavone found in citrus peel, particularly tangerines. Shows potent circadian rhythm-enhancing and metabolic benefits in animal models.
The primary monounsaturated fatty acid in olive oil. A cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet associated with cardiovascular health, reduced inflammation, and improved lipid profiles.
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA) with anti-inflammatory properties. Among the most studied supplements, with evidence spanning cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory conditions.
A Krebs cycle intermediate that mimics caloric restriction by shifting the NAD+/NADH ratio. Marketed for longevity and energy, with limited but intriguing early research.
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from papaya fruit used to support digestion and reduce inflammation.
Parthenolide is the primary bioactive sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew, studied for migraine prevention and anti-inflammatory activity.
Palmitoylethanolamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide that modulates pain and inflammation via PPAR-alpha and mast cell stabilization.
Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone flavonoid found in apple skin with antioxidant and glucose transporter–inhibiting properties.
Phosphatidylcholine is a major phospholipid in cell membranes and a source of choline, supporting liver function and cell membrane integrity.
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid concentrated in brain cell membranes, studied for cognitive support and cortisol modulation.
Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is the plant-derived form of vitamin K, essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism.
Piceatannol is a stilbenoid and metabolite of resveratrol found in passion fruit seeds, with emerging evidence for metabolic and skin health.
Piperine is the bioactive alkaloid in black pepper that enhances absorption of many nutrients and supplements by inhibiting hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation.
PQQ is a redox cofactor that supports mitochondrial biogenesis and protects neurons from oxidative damage.
Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone precursor synthesized from cholesterol, serving as the upstream precursor to DHEA, progesterone, cortisol, and sex hormones.
Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) is an ester of L-carnitine with particular affinity for cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, studied for peripheral vascular disease and exercise performance.
Proteases are a class of enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and amino acids, used as digestive aids and for systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
Pterostilbene is a dimethylated analog of resveratrol found in blueberries, with superior bioavailability and similar sirtuin-activating and antioxidant properties.
Punicalagins are ellagitannin polyphenols from pomegranate, responsible for much of its antioxidant activity and metabolized to urolithins by gut bacteria.
Pycnogenol is a standardized extract of French maritime pine bark rich in procyanidins, with extensive clinical research on circulation, inflammation, and skin health.
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, bypassing hepatic conversion and essential for over 100 enzymatic reactions.
Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is a key intermediate in glycolysis studied for modest effects on body composition and exercise endurance.
Quercetin is a widely distributed flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and senolytic properties, found in onions, apples, and berries.
Quercetin phytosome is a phospholipid-complexed form of quercetin with dramatically improved bioavailability compared to standard quercetin.
R-alpha lipoic acid is the biologically active enantiomer of alpha-lipoic acid, a potent antioxidant that regenerates other antioxidants and supports glucose metabolism.
Red yeast rice contains monacolin K, which is chemically identical to lovastatin, and effectively lowers LDL cholesterol.
Resveratrol is a stilbenoid polyphenol from grapes and red wine, extensively studied for sirtuin activation, cardiovascular protection, and longevity.
Retinol is the preformed, active form of vitamin A essential for vision, immune function, skin health, and gene expression.
Rhoifolin is a flavone glycoside found in citrus and certain medicinal plants, with emerging anti-inflammatory and antiviral research interest.
Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol ester found in rosemary, lemon balm, and perilla, with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antioxidant properties.
Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat, citrus, and asparagus, known for strengthening capillaries and supporting venous health.
S-acetyl glutathione is an acetylated, orally stable form of glutathione that resists degradation in the GI tract and may deliver intact glutathione to cells.
Salicin is a glucoside found in willow bark that is metabolized to salicylic acid in the body, providing analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects similar to aspirin.
SAMe is a naturally occurring methyl donor involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, joint health, and liver function, with strong clinical evidence for depression and osteoarthritis.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral incorporated into selenoproteins that are critical for antioxidant defense, thyroid function, and immune regulation.
Selenomethionine is the primary organic form of selenium found in food, offering superior absorption and tissue storage compared to inorganic selenium.
Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme originally derived from silkworm bacteria, used for inflammation, pain, and mucus reduction.
Shilajit is a mineral-rich resinous substance from Himalayan rocks containing fulvic acid and over 80 minerals, used in Ayurvedic medicine for vitality and testosterone support.
Silybin (silibinin) is the most active flavonolignan in milk thistle (silymarin), with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and emerging anticancer properties.
Sodium ascorbate is a buffered, non-acidic form of vitamin C that is gentler on the stomach while providing equivalent antioxidant and immune-supporting activity.
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is an alkaline compound used as an ergogenic aid to buffer lactic acid during high-intensity exercise.
Sodium butyrate is a salt of butyric acid, a short-chain fatty acid that serves as the primary fuel for colonocytes and modulates gut inflammation and gene expression.
Spermidine is a natural polyamine that induces autophagy and is associated with longevity in observational studies across multiple populations.
Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae rich in protein, phycocyanin, and micronutrients, with evidence for lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects.
Strontium citrate is a supplement form of strontium used for bone health. It incorporates into bone matrix and may influence bone metabolism markers.
Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli sprouts that potently activates Nrf2, the master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses and detoxification enzymes.
Taurine is a conditionally essential sulfur amino acid abundant in brain, heart, and muscle tissue, with roles in osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and cardiovascular function.
Tetrahydrocurcumin is a major metabolite of curcumin with superior bioavailability and potentially stronger antioxidant activity in certain assays.
Theacrine is a purine alkaloid structurally similar to caffeine found in kucha tea, providing energy and focus without habituation or tolerance.
Theobromine is a xanthine alkaloid in cacao with mild stimulant, vasodilatory, and bronchodilatory effects, lasting longer but weaker than caffeine.
Tocotrienols are the lesser-known form of vitamin E with unique neuroprotective, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory properties not shared by tocopherols.
Trans-resveratrol is the biologically active isomer of resveratrol, preferred in supplementation for its stability and SIRT1-activating capacity.
Tributyrin is a triglyceride form of butyric acid that delivers butyrate more efficiently to the lower GI tract compared to sodium butyrate.
Trigonelline is an alkaloid found in coffee and fenugreek seeds, recently identified as an NAD+ precursor that declines with aging and may support muscle health.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a water-soluble bile acid with potent hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and ER stress-reducing properties.
Turkesterone is an ecdysteroid from Ajuga turkestanica, marketed for muscle growth and performance. It is structurally related to insect molting hormones.
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a hydrophilic bile acid used as first-line treatment for primary biliary cholangitis and studied for broader liver and gallbladder conditions.
Uridine is a pyrimidine nucleoside involved in RNA synthesis, neuronal membrane phospholipid formation, and dopamine signaling, studied for cognitive and mood support.
Urolithin A is a gut-derived metabolite of ellagitannins (from pomegranates) that potently induces mitophagy and has demonstrated muscle health benefits in human trials.
Vanadium is an ultra-trace mineral that mimics insulin signaling and has been studied for blood glucose management, primarily in animal models.
A comprehensive formula providing all eight B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) essential for energy metabolism, nervous system function, and methylation.
Thiamine is an essential B vitamin required for glucose metabolism, nerve function, and the production of ATP via the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Cobalamin is an essential vitamin required for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and myelin maintenance, with deficiency common in vegans and older adults.
Riboflavin is an essential B vitamin that serves as a precursor to FAD and FMN, coenzymes critical for energy production, antioxidant recycling, and drug metabolism.
Niacin is an essential B vitamin and NAD+ precursor available in multiple forms (nicotinic acid, niacinamide, NR, NMN), each with distinct clinical profiles.
Pantothenic acid is an essential B vitamin and component of coenzyme A, required for fatty acid synthesis, energy production, and steroid hormone synthesis.
Pyridoxine is the most common supplemental form of vitamin B6, converted in the liver to the active coenzyme P5P for neurotransmitter synthesis and amino acid metabolism.
Inositol (myo-inositol) is a carbocyclic sugar involved in insulin signaling and serotonin receptor function, with strong evidence for PCOS, anxiety, and panic disorder.
Folate is an essential B vitamin required for DNA synthesis, methylation, and neural tube development. Methylfolate (5-MTHF) is the biologically active form.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble essential antioxidant required for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption, and is one of the most widely studied nutrients.
Vitamin D3 is the most effective supplemental form of vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption, bone health, immune modulation, and increasingly linked to reduced mortality.
Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble antioxidants (tocopherols and tocotrienols) that protect cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) is the preferred supplemental form for bone and cardiovascular health, activating osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein to direct calcium appropriately.
Whey protein isolate is a highly filtered form of whey with 90%+ protein content, minimal lactose and fat, and the highest leucine content among common proteins.
Wogonin is a flavone from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) with anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties studied primarily in preclinical models.
Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalcone from hops with broad preclinical activity including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic syndrome modulation.
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment concentrated in the macula of the eye, where it filters blue light and provides antioxidant protection against age-related macular degeneration.
Zinc is an essential trace mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, critical for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA repair.
Zinc carnosine (ZnC or polaprezinc) is a chelated compound of zinc and L-carnosine with specific affinity for gastric mucosa, used for GI lining repair and ulcer support.
Zinc picolinate is zinc chelated with picolinic acid, providing one of the best-absorbed forms of supplemental zinc for general immune and metabolic support.
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is the plant-derived form of vitamin D, less effective than D3 at raising and maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels.
A beta-carboline derivative that upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase and dopaminergic neurotrophic factors in rodent models. Human safety data is essentially absent.
A synthetic noopept analog featuring an adamantane moiety, reportedly designed to enhance oral bioavailability and duration relative to noopept.
A prodrug of modafinil that is converted in the liver to its active metabolite. Originally developed in France for narcolepsy-related drowsiness.
A calcium-binding protein originally isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, marketed under the brand name Prevagen as a memory supplement.
The R-enantiomer of modafinil, FDA-approved for narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift-work disorder. Longer plasma half-life than racemic modafinil.
A synthetic adamantane derivative developed in Russia as an actoprotector — a class intended to enhance physical performance without stimulant side effects. Also studied for anxiolytic properties.
An ester of DMAE and pCPA (parachlorophenoxyacetic acid) studied since the 1960s as a possible anti-aging and memory-enhancing compound.
An endogenous nucleotide (CDP-choline) involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Studied extensively as a neuroprotectant in stroke and for age-related cognitive decline.
A synthetic hexapeptide analog of angiotensin IV, reported to be millions of times more potent than BDNF at promoting hepatocyte growth factor signaling in vitro.
A synthetic analog of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) developed in Russia and marketed as Mexidol. Studied as an antioxidant and anxiolytic with membrane-stabilizing properties.
An ergot alkaloid mixture (co-dergocrine mesylate) that was one of the first compounds marketed for age-related cognitive decline. Approved in many countries since the 1950s.
A fluorenol compound (9-fluorenol) structurally unrelated to modafinil but sharing wakefulness-promoting properties. Not approved as a pharmaceutical anywhere.
A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from the club moss Huperzia serrata that potently and reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Used traditionally in Chinese medicine.
An edible medicinal mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) containing hericenones and erinacines that stimulate nerve growth factor synthesis in vitro and in animal models.
A synthetic thiazine dye first produced in 1876, used medically for methemoglobinemia and studied for mitochondrial enhancement, tau aggregation inhibition, and neuroprotection.
A prescription eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting agent) FDA-approved for narcolepsy, shift-work disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea. Widely used off-label for cognitive enhancement.
A synthetic dipeptide (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) developed in Russia, proposed to modulate AMPA and NMDA receptors and increase BDNF/NGF expression.
A benzylpiperazine-aminopyridine compound developed by Neuralstem Inc. that stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis in vitro. Studied in Phase II trials for major depressive disorder.
An aminopropyl carbazole discovered through an in-vivo screen for compounds that enhance hippocampal neurogenesis. Studied preclinically for neuroprotection across multiple disease models.
A synthetic GABA analog (beta-phenyl-GABA) that crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts on GABA-B receptors. Developed in Russia and used there as an anxiolytic since the 1960s.
A semi-synthetic pyridoxine (vitamin B6) disulfide developed in the 1960s. Used in some European and Asian countries for cognitive support and as an anti-inflammatory.
A medical food containing Fortasyn Connect — a specific combination of DHA, EPA, UMP, choline, B vitamins, and phospholipids designed to support synaptic membrane formation in early Alzheimer's disease.
A synthetic dimer of thiamine (vitamin B1) that crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily than thiamine itself. Developed in Japan and used in some countries for asthenia.
A synthetic piperazine-derived AMPAkine structurally related to piracetam but reportedly 1000x more potent by weight in rodent models. Never tested in human clinical trials.
A synthetic AMPAkine closely related to sunifiram, reported to be similarly potent in rodent memory paradigms. No human clinical data exists.
A semi-synthetic derivative of vincamine from the periwinkle plant (Vinca minor). Used in Europe and Asia for cerebrovascular disorders and cognitive decline.
A fat-soluble racetam and AMPAkine that modulates AMPA receptors and metabotropic cholinergic transmission. Approved in some European countries for cognitive disorders.
A high-affinity SV2A ligand and levetiracetam analog FDA-approved as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures. Not used as a nootropic.
An obscure racetam derivative that appeared in early nootropic patent literature but was never developed clinically. Minimal published data exists.
A racetam that enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in hippocampal neurons. Originally developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma for Alzheimer's disease.
A racetam derivative studied in preclinical models for neuropathic and visceral pain. Shows activity at glutamatergic systems involved in central sensitization.
A little-known racetam analog referenced in early nootropic and pyrrolidone patent literature. Minimal independent research has been conducted.
An early-generation racetam analog that appeared in Parke-Davis nootropic patent filings. It was not advanced into clinical development.
The S-enantiomer of levetiracetam (Keppra). Unlike its R-enantiomer, etiracetam has markedly lower affinity for SV2A and limited anticonvulsant activity.
A racetam that modulates metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and upregulates GABA-B receptors. Originally developed for vascular dementia, later investigated for ADHD in adolescents with specific mGluR gene variants.
A fat-soluble racetam that modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABA-A receptors, and calcium channels. Studied for post-stroke cognitive impairment in Japan.
A water-soluble racetam with mild stimulant properties, studied for dementia and traumatic brain injury. Modulates AMPA and cholinergic systems.
A phenylated piracetam derivative developed in Russia for cosmonauts. Provides both cognitive and physical stimulation. Banned by WADA as a performance enhancer.
A synthetic combination of niacin and GABA that crosses the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyzes into its components intracerebrally. Developed in Russia for cerebrovascular conditions.
The original racetam, synthesized in 1964 by UCB Pharma. Modulates AMPA receptors, improves membrane fluidity, and enhances interhemispheric communication. Used clinically in Europe for myoclonus and cognitive impairment.
A potent racetam with high oral bioavailability and a long half-life (5–6 hours). Stimulates high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and nitric oxide synthase activity.
A sesquiterpene lactone derived from sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) that is the cornerstone of modern malaria treatment. Also investigated for anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
A selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) FDA-approved for ADHD in children and adults. Unlike stimulants, it is not a controlled substance.
An ancient alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale used for gout and familial Mediterranean fever. Increasingly studied for cardiovascular risk reduction and as a potential longevity compound due to anti-inflammatory effects.
A multi-kinase inhibitor FDA-approved for chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ ALL. Investigated in combination with quercetin as a senolytic regimen to clear senescent cells.
A reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor FDA-approved for all stages of Alzheimer's disease. One of the most widely prescribed dementia medications globally.
An mTOR inhibitor (rapalog) FDA-approved for organ transplant rejection, certain cancers, and tuberous sclerosis. Studied for immunosenescence reversal and longevity at low doses.
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic receptor modulator FDA-approved for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Originally derived from snowdrop flowers.
A broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug on the WHO Essential Medicines list. Nobel Prize-winning treatment for river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Extensively repurposed and controversially promoted for COVID-19.
Levodopa, the immediate biosynthetic precursor to dopamine, is the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. Always co-administered with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa or benserazide).
An uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Blocks pathological tonic glutamate signaling while preserving physiological phasic activation.
A selective, high-affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist FDA-approved for chronic idiopathic constipation. Promotes colonic motility without the cardiac effects of older serotonergic prokinetics.
An mTOR inhibitor (sirolimus) FDA-approved as an immunosuppressant for organ transplant rejection. The most studied pharmaceutical candidate for lifespan extension, with consistent effects across multiple species.
Synthetic BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), FDA-approved for phenylketonuria (PKU) in BH4-responsive patients. BH4 is an essential cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase.
A selective dopamine D1 receptor partial agonist used primarily as a pharmacological research tool. Not developed as a therapeutic agent.
A mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (plastoquinone linked to a triphenylphosphonium cation) developed by the Skulachev group in Russia. Studied for age-related diseases and marketed for dry eye.
The primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. FDA-approved for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in hypogonadal men. Critical for muscle mass, bone density, libido, and mood.
A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) FDA-approved for metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Structurally related to tamoxifen with a chlorine substitution.
A partial androgen receptor agonist with lower potency than LGD-4033, studied preclinically for tissue-selective anabolic effects with reduced prostate stimulation.
A non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, studied preclinically for androgen-deficiency conditions.
A PPARδ receptor agonist (not a true SARM) originally developed by GlaxoSmithKline for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Commonly grouped with SARMs in the performance-enhancement community.
A non-steroidal SARM developed by Galapagos NV for muscle wasting and sarcopenia, with Phase I data in healthy volunteers.
A tissue-selective androgen receptor modulator from GlaxoSmithKline's SARM program, evaluated in early clinical development for androgen-deficiency states.
A non-steroidal SARM developed by GlaxoSmithKline that reached Phase II trials for muscle wasting associated with chronic disease and cancer cachexia.
An early-stage non-steroidal SARM from GlaxoSmithKline evaluated in Phase I for safety and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
A next-generation SARM from GTx Inc. (now Oncternal Therapeutics), designed as a follow-up to enobosarm (ostarine) with improved selectivity for muscle and bone.
A PPARδ agonist closely related to cardarine (GW501516), studied preclinically for metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and exercise-mimetic effects. Not a true SARM.
One of the most studied non-steroidal SARMs, originally developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and later licensed to Viking Therapeutics. Phase I/II human data is available.
A SARM candidate from Merck evaluated in preclinical development for musculoskeletal conditions. Very limited public information exists.
The most extensively studied SARM, developed by GTx Inc. for muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Reached Phase III trials but did not gain FDA approval.
A potent non-steroidal SARM developed by Radius Health, notable for a high anabolic-to-androgenic ratio in preclinical models. Phase I data exists in breast cancer.
A potent oral SARM studied in rodent models as a potential male hormonal contraceptive due to its strong suppression of gonadotropins and spermatogenesis.
An ERRα/ERRγ agonist developed at Washington University, studied as an exercise mimetic that activates endurance-related gene programs without androgen receptor binding. Not a true SARM.
A Rev-Erbα/β agonist closely related to SR9009, studied as a circadian-clock modulator and exercise mimetic in rodent models. Not a true SARM.
A synthetic Rev-Erbα agonist developed at Scripps Research, studied as a circadian-rhythm modulator with exercise-mimetic properties in mice. Not a true SARM.
A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist (brand name Tanzeum) that was FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes but voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 2018 for commercial reasons.
A long-acting acylated amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk, designed to reduce appetite and food intake through amylin receptor signaling. Studied as monotherapy and in combination with semaglutide.
A fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide (amylin analog) and semaglutide (GLP-1 RA) developed by Novo Nordisk, targeting weight loss through dual hormonal pathways.
A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist (brand name Trulicity) FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in the REWIND outcomes trial.
The first commercially available GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom (exendin-4). Available as twice-daily (Byetta) and once-weekly (Bydureon) formulations.
Glucagon-like peptide-1, an endogenous incretin hormone secreted by intestinal L-cells in response to food intake. It stimulates insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety.
A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza, 1.8 mg) and obesity (Saxenda, 3.0 mg). Demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in the LEADER trial.
A synthetic analog of amylin (brand name Symlin), FDA-approved as an adjunct to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, and reduces appetite.
A triple agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, developed by Eli Lilly. Phase II data showed unprecedented weight loss exceeding 24% at 48 weeks.
A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic), obesity (Wegovy), and available in oral form (Rybelsus). Demonstrated cardiovascular and renal benefits.
A dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist (Mounjaro for diabetes, Zepbound for obesity) that demonstrated weight loss exceeding 20% in the SURMOUNT trials, surpassing GLP-1 monotherapy.
A non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist (growth hormone secretagogue) that stimulates pulsatile GH and IGF-1 release orally. Studied in elderly, GH-deficient, and obese populations.
A biogenic amine produced by decarboxylation of arginine, acting on imidazoline receptors, NMDA receptors, and nitric oxide pathways. Studied for pain, mood, and neuroprotection.
A conditionally essential amino acid and the direct substrate for nitric oxide synthase. Widely used for cardiovascular support, exercise performance, and erectile function.
A non-protein amino acid that serves as a more effective oral precursor to arginine and nitric oxide than arginine itself, bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism.
A 2:1 compound of L-citrulline and malic acid, widely used in pre-workout supplements. The malate component may contribute to aerobic energy production via the TCA cycle.
The simplest amino acid, serving as a neurotransmitter co-agonist at NMDA receptors, a precursor to glutathione, and a structural component of collagen. Studied for sleep, cognition, and metabolic health.
The most abundant amino acid in the body, conditionally essential during physiological stress. Serves as fuel for enterocytes and immune cells, and is heavily marketed for gut health and recovery.
A non-essential amino acid involved in phospholipid synthesis, one-carbon metabolism, and the production of glycine and D-serine. Investigated for neurodegenerative conditions.
A non-protein amino acid found predominantly in tea leaves that crosses the blood-brain barrier and promotes alpha-wave activity, supporting calm attentiveness without sedation.
A non-essential amino acid and precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Studied for cognitive performance under stress, sleep deprivation, and cold exposure.
An acetylated form of L-tyrosine marketed as having superior water solubility and bioavailability. In practice, conversion to free tyrosine appears limited, making it a less efficient precursor.
A non-protein amino acid that participates in the urea cycle, facilitating ammonia detoxification. Studied for exercise-induced fatigue reduction, sleep quality, and stress hormone modulation.
An essential amino acid and precursor to tyrosine, which in turn produces dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Available in L-, D-, and DL- forms with different applications.
N-methylglycine, an intermediate in glycine metabolism that acts as a glycine transporter (GlyT1) inhibitor, increasing synaptic glycine levels and thereby modulating NMDA receptor function.
An essential amino acid and the sole dietary precursor to serotonin and melatonin. Rate-limiting for serotonin synthesis in the brain, making it relevant to mood, sleep, and appetite regulation.
A succulent plant whose inner gel is used topically for burns and irritation and orally for GI support.
Angelica sinensis, often called dong quai, is a traditional women's-health herb used for menstrual discomfort and circulation support.
An aromatic seed from Pimpinella anisum used for bloating, cough formulas, and mild antispasmodic support.
A topical mountain flower extract used for bruising, soreness, and localized pain relief.
A bitter leaf extract used for dyspepsia, bile flow, and modest lipid support.
A dark berry rich in anthocyanins, used for vascular support and eye-strain complaints.
A North American root extract used mainly for menopausal hot flashes and mood-related symptoms.
Nigella sativa seed is used for immune, metabolic, and inflammatory support, with thymoquinone as a major active compound.
A bitter Mediterranean herb historically used for digestion and lactation support.
The resin of Boswellia serrata, standardized for boswellic acids, is used for joint pain and inflammatory conditions.
A traditional root used for mild diuretic, digestive, and skin-support purposes.
A marigold flower extract widely used topically for minor wounds, dermatitis, and oral inflammation.
A mild sedative herb used for nervousness, tension, and sleep support without the opioid profile of true opium poppy.
A carminative seed used for bloating, cramps, and functional dyspepsia, often paired with peppermint oil.
A fragrant spice used traditionally for digestion, breath, and cardiometabolic support.
A well-known daisy-family herb used for calm, sleep, and digestive soothing.
Phyllanthus niruri is a tropical herb used for kidney-stone support and urinary comfort.
A common bark spice with some of the best herbal data for glycemic support and insulin sensitivity.
An aromatic flower bud used for oral discomfort, antimicrobial support, and culinary antioxidant activity.
The seed and leaf of Coriandrum sativum are used for digestion, appetite, and gentle metabolic support.
A leaf and root herb used for gentle diuretic action, bitter digestive support, and traditional liver formulas.
A South African root used for back pain and osteoarthritis, standardized for harpagoside.
A widely used immune-support herb taken at the start of colds and upper-respiratory infections.
A dark berry extract used for upper-respiratory symptom support and antioxidant intake.
An oil-rich plant best known for its gamma-linolenic acid content and use in PMS, mastalgia, and skin support.
A traditional herb used for irritated eyes, allergies, and mild sinus complaints.
A bitter daisy-family herb used mainly for migraine prevention and inflammatory pain.
A fiber-rich seed used for glucose control, appetite modulation, libido support, and lactation formulas.
A sulfur-rich bulb with some of the strongest herb data for cardiovascular and immune support.
A warming rhizome with strong traditional and clinical support for nausea, dysmenorrhea, and mild inflammatory pain.
A standardized leaf extract used for memory, circulation, and age-related cognitive support.
A berberine-rich North American herb traditionally used for mucosal and GI support.
Centella asiatica is a traditional herb used for wound healing, circulation, calm focus, and connective-tissue support.
A catechin-rich tea that combines L-theanine, caffeine, and polyphenols for focus, metabolic support, and long-term cardiometabolic benefit.
A berry, leaf, and flower herb used for cardiovascular tone and mild heart-failure support.
A tart flower tea rich in anthocyanins and organic acids, often used for blood pressure and metabolic support.
A Pacific root beverage used for anxiety, stress, and social relaxation through kavalactone-rich extracts.
A fragrant herb used as tea, essential oil, and oral extract for anxiety, stress, and sleep quality.
Melissa officinalis is a lemon-scented mint used for calm, sleep, and stress-related digestive tension.
A sweet root used for throat soothing, GI lining support, and traditional adrenal-stress formulas.
A mucilage-rich root used to soothe the throat, stomach lining, and irritated mucous membranes.
A liver-focused seed extract standardized for silymarin and used for antioxidant and hepatoprotective support.
A nutrient-dense leaf rich in polyphenols and micronutrients, used for metabolic and antioxidant support.
An aromatic bitter herb traditionally used for digestion, menstrual discomfort, and dream-promoting folklore.
A fuzzy-leaf respiratory herb used to soothe cough, throat irritation, and chest discomfort.
A mineral-rich leaf and root used for seasonal allergies, urinary support, and general nutritive herbalism.
A polyphenol-rich leaf extract, especially valued for oleuropein, used for immune and cardiometabolic support.
A culinary herb whose concentrated oil is used for antimicrobial and digestive support.
A common culinary herb with mild diuretic, antioxidant, and micronutrient benefits.
A calming vine extract used for anxiety, nighttime overthinking, and sleep support.
A South American bark used traditionally for antimicrobial and inflammatory support.
A mint leaf and oil used for IBS, dyspepsia, tension headaches, and post-meal discomfort.
A soluble-fiber husk used for bowel regularity, LDL reduction, and improved satiety.
A phytoestrogen-containing flower used for menopausal symptoms and bone-health support.
A traditional stimulant-laxative root used short term for constipation and bowel clearing.
A culinary evergreen herb used for antioxidant support, alertness, and digestive stimulation.
A crocus stigma extract with unusually strong evidence for mood support and some appetite-regulation benefit.
A culinary and medicinal herb used for cognition, throat irritation, and menopausal sweating.
A berry extract used mainly for benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgen-related concerns.
A stimulant-laxative leaf and pod with strong short-term effectiveness for constipation.
A nervine herb used for tension, irritability, and gentle sleep support.
A mucilage-rich bark used for throat, cough, and upper-GI lining support.
A gentler mint used for digestion, freshness, and in some cases female androgen-related concerns.
A well-studied antidepressant herb used for mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms.
A culinary and medicinal herb used for cough formulas, antimicrobial support, and aromatic digestive benefit.
A spiny fruit extract commonly marketed for libido, sports performance, and testosterone support.
A golden rhizome rich in curcuminoids, widely used for pain, inflammation, and cardiometabolic support.
A urinary-tract herb containing arbutin, traditionally used for short-term bladder support.
A root extract used for sleep onset, anxious restlessness, and nighttime tension.
A traditional nervine herb used for stress, tension, and mild digestive stagnation.
A salicin-containing bark used for pain and inflammation as a botanical precursor to aspirin-like pharmacology.
A traditional root used for cramps and women's-health formulas, often confused with pharmaceutical progesterone lore.
A bitter aromatic herb used for wound care, sweating protocols, and mild digestive support.
A caffeinated South American leaf beverage used for energy, focus, and appetite support.
A bark extract containing yohimbine-like alkaloids used for erectile dysfunction and stimulant-like arousal effects.
A saponin-rich desert plant used traditionally for inflammatory discomfort and topical support.
A lesser-used Curcuma rhizome employed in Asian herbal traditions for digestion and inflammatory complaints.
A jujube-seed herb used in East Asian traditions for sleep, calm, and emotional restlessness.
A root adaptogen used for stress resilience, sleep quality, strength support, and perceived recovery.
A traditional Chinese adaptogen used for immune tone, energy, and long-term vitality support.
A cognitive adaptogen used for memory consolidation, learning support, and stress resilience.
A medicinal mushroom adaptogen used for energy, stamina, and recovery support.
Also called Siberian ginseng, this root is used for stress adaptation, stamina, and resilience under fatigue.
Also called tulsi, this aromatic adaptogen is used for stress, mood balance, and metabolic calm.
A Peruvian root adaptogen used for libido, mood, and perceived vitality rather than direct hormonal boosting.
A classic Asian adaptogen standardized for ginsenosides and used for energy, cognition, and resilience.
A medicinal mushroom adaptogen used for immune regulation, stress support, and long-term resilience.
A cold-climate adaptogen used for fatigue, stress resilience, and mental performance under load.
A five-flavor berry adaptogen used for stress resilience, endurance, and liver support in East Asian herbalism.